Deadweight Tonnage

Deadweight tonnage (DWT) refers to the carrying capacity of a vessel. Deadweight tonnage can be figured by taking the weight of a vessel which is not loaded with cargo and subtracting that figure from the weight of the vessel loaded to point where it is immersed to the maximum safe depth. This depth is noted with a marking on the ships hull, the Plimsoll line. The safe depth varies by the time of year and water density and, in the case of DWT, the summer freeboard line is the measurement used. The displacement of water due to the load is measured in metric tons (tonnes or 1,000 kilograms). The deadweight tonnage includes not only cargo, but also the weight of fuel, ballast, passengers and crew, and all of the provisions. It only excludes the weight of the ship itself. Example A vessel that weighs 2000 tons unloaded carries 500 tons crew and supplies. It can take on 500 tons of cargo in port, at which time it floats at the summer line of its Plimsoll line. The deadweight of this vessel would, therefore, be 1000 tons. Deadweight Tonnage vs. Displacement Tonnage Deadweight tonnage is distinct from  displacement tonnage, which includes the weight of the ship as well as its carrying capacity. Lightweight tonnage is the weight of the ship itself, including the hull, decking, and machinery, but not including ballast or any supplies that could be consumed, such as fuel and water (except for the liquids in the engine room systems). Deadweight tonnage is the displacement tonnage minus the lightweight tonnage.

Creative Writing - 711 Words

Vagueness, Ambiguity and Clarity in Writing John Mackey The first example that I have chosen to use for this assignment is Example number two; Example 2 I was thrown from my truck as it left the road. I was later found in a ditch by a flock of wild turkeys. The vagueness in this example raises the question of why he was thrown from the truck. What caused this to happen? What were the underlying circumstances that ultimately led to being thrown from the truck? Another question that can be asked is where did the wild turkeys come from? There are all these questions that remain to be asked and also later to be answered. For the ambiguous side of the house, Dictionary.com defines ambiguity as doubtfulness or uncertainty†¦show more content†¦This example is being left up to the readers imagination. This example has no clear message that is being delivered. Someone like many in the class that read this can easily get confused by what the actual message of this example is. For the ambiguous faults in this example, are as such; again we look at the intent of the message and that there is no clear intent on what the message is to be. We know that a collection will be taken and that there is a committee that is heading this collection up but it leaves the question of Why? What for? Who? When we find the answers to these questions more clearly it can help us to understand better what exactly it is that is being said or trying to be said. Re-Written Example At next Sunday’s church mass a monetary collection will taken up to help with the cost of the new altar. Anyone within the church population wishing to help with the new altar can step forward and let the church treasury committee know about their ideas or their donations. The way that vagueness and ambiguity affects the understanding is that there is no clear message being relayed and that leads to confusion and questions being left unanswered. 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If we accept, however, that Technical Writing exists in its own category, with Creative Writing in another, how can we categorize creative Technical writing? One way to explore the differences and similarities between Technical Writing and Creative Writing is toRead MoreCreative Writing : Creative Story1726 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It†¦it is kind of like a year†¦that would be the best definition.† Why did I just explain it to her? What is wrong with me? Jade freezes. The first exchange between their people. Not a simple ‘question-answer’ conversation, but an actual exchange of knowledge. She is the very first to discover something about him and his people from him, willingly. He taught me a word. Jade soon smiles wide and then nods to him. â€Å"I guarantee that once you’re out of here weeks will go by as if they were nothing.† Read MoreCreative Writing : A Creative Project1016 Words   |  5 PagesAA Creative Project I will say that research/discussion/readings have informed my project in several ways. First I will start off with research. Tristan and I decided to do a video with our voices voiced over it with pictures/videos playing. In order to do that we decided to get creative with it and do some â€Å"research† at different black places around LA. The first place that we visited was Leimert park. Leimert Park has become the center of African-American art, music, and culture in Los Angeles

Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment Free Essays

string(31) " drugs to endorse and provide\." Johnson Johnson: Successfully Strategizing for the Changing Global Business Environment I. Introduction Johnson Johnson is the world’s largest healthcare company. Founded in the United States in 1886, the company has been profitable for 75 straight years and currently operates 250 subsidiary companies in 57 countries. We will write a custom essay sample on Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its products fall into three segments: pharmaceuticals, with 39% of total sales; medical devices and diagnostics, with 36%; and consumer products, with 25%. Additionally, the company employs 119,200 people worldwide and sells its products in 175 countries. A truly global corporation, Johnson Johnson has securely positioned itself to overcome the challenges its ever-changing business environment poses, as well as take advantage of the opportunities presented. With a focus primarily on Johnson Johnson’s pharmaceutical segment, this paper seeks to explore the complex multinational environment within which the company operates as well as the opportunities and threats that the environment poses. Next, the paper will analyze Johnson Johnson’s current positioning, describing its value-chain and competitive positioning. The paper will close by evaluating how Johnson Johnson both can seize these opportunities to realize the goals of the company. II. Analyzing the Environment In industries as competitive as pharmaceutical, medical devices and consumer goods, analyzing the environment is vital for being able to make sound strategic decisions. Since Johnson Johnson strives to anticipate the external factors that affect its international business environment, as well as adapt to those changes, it is important that it understands the environment in which it is operating. The two sets of external forces that face the company are competitive and contextual. A. Competitive Environments – Five Forces Model Michael Porter’s five forces model provides a way of analyzing Johnson Johnson’s competitive environment. Due to a lack of available information about the bargaining power of suppliers as it applies to Johnson Johnson, this paper will address the four other forces: the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitutes, the bargaining power of customers, and the rivalry among industry competitors. 1. The Threat of New Entrants – High Barriers to Entry The threat of new entrants is not of particular concern to Johnson Johnson. Barriers to entry, especially in the industries of pharmaceuticals and medical devices, are extremely high if not unsurpassable. The world’s top pharmaceutical companies have extensive manufacturing capabilities, distribution systems, and economies of scale that have been built up over decades and would be virtually impossible for a new entrant to replicate. These top firms also have patents that protect their current products, as well as established research pipelines that ensure the continual development of new products. Also, they have strong brand names and large marketing budgets with which to defend them. Finally, the exceptionally high capital requirements for founding a pharmaceutical company and the sharp retaliation that new entrants could expect from the established competitors render the threat of new entrants very low. The medical device industry has similarly high barriers to entry. While entering the consumer goods market is easier, relatively, the vast number of competitors makes this industry very competitive, thus a strong brand name is vital for standing out. As the world’s most respected company according to Barron Magazine, new entrants to the consumer goods market do not pose a threat to Johnson Johnson. 2. The Threat of Substitutes – The Rise of Generics The threat of substitutes is much more problematic than that of new entrants, especially in the pharmaceutical segment. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requires that generic drugs be bioequivalent to their brand name counterparts, making them serious substitutes. Once a patent expires, generic manufacturers are quick to reverse-engineer the formerly proprietary drugs and sell generic versions at a fraction of the cost. Virtually all the top pharmaceutical companies, Johnson Johnson included, face an influx of upcoming patent expirations. The impending loss of sales when generic versions of the drugs inevitably become available is a serious threat to the profitability of many players in the industry. For example, Risperdal, a drug for schizophrenia made by a subsidiary of Johnson Johnson’s called Janssen-Cilag, was a significant source of profits, with sales that totaled $3. 5 billion in 2005 and surged 21% percent in the first quarter of 2006, to $1. 2 billion. However, when the patent for Risperdal expired in December of 2007 and became available in generic form in October of 2008, the company’s revenue from pharmaceutical sales stagnated. In fact, in July of 2007, Johnson Johnson announced plans to eliminate up to 4,800 jobs, citing patent expirations as the main motivation to trim the workforce and thus save money. If the company does not prepare for the difficult transition between enjoying market exclusivity and losing that security as those patents expire, it will face more negative consequences. 3. The Bargaining Power of Buyers – Influence of Generics In the pharmaceutical industry, buyers include patients, medical doctors who prescribe drugs, pharmacists, hospital boards, insurance companies, and other health authorities. The bargaining power of patients goes hand in hand with the threat of substitutes. When drugs are patent-protected, pharmaceutical companies enjoy a monopoly where they can set prices to include high profit margins. Since there are few to no substitutes for their products during this time, customers have little choice but to pay these prices, especially if their lives depend on the drugs. However, once cheaper, generic versions of the drugs become available, buyers gain more power. Patients’ switching costs, an important element in determining the bargaining power of buyers, are fairly low, and price-sensitive buyers will likely switch to generic versions once available. Johnson Johnson’s main tool in combating this problem is its strong brand name. Many customers have more trust in brand name products and are willing to pay extra for this perceived security. The other groups within buyers of pharmaceutical products, while fragmented, have more power than patients. Within the American healthcare system, insurance companies and health maintenance companies (HMOs) have considerable bargaining power, as they decide which drugs to endorse and provide. You read "Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment" in category "Essay examples" Since they have an interest in lowering costs, they exert a strong downward pressure on drug prices, partly due to the threat of the availability of generics. European governments’ national healthcare systems have a similarly high level of power, if not higher due to strict price controls. Thus, pharmaceutical companies have a need to establish successful relationships with these groups and market towards them heavily. 4. The Degree of Rivalry – Fierce and Changing Competition Competition in the pharmaceutical industry is intense and growing in intensity. While the numerous competitors remain fairly fragmented, mergers and acquisitions have increased rivalry, as the top firms’ areas of expertise began to overlap. Rivalry is especially intense in saturated markets, such as the pain reliever segment, in which Johnson Johnson competes with its products Tylenol and Motrin. In growing markets, innovation is a key driver of competition since pharmaceutical companies depend on â€Å"blockbuster† drugs for a large proportion of their revenue. With only one out of every 10,000 discovered drugs approved to be sold, stakes are high to find the cash cow drugs that recuperate the increasingly high costs of development. Since â€Å"me too† drugs are not as profitable, innovation drives the race to be first-to-market. While the main competitors in the pharmaceutical industry are concentrated in the United States, Europe, and Japan, an increasing number of players – especially generic drug manufacturers – are appearing in developing countries, such as China and India. These companies are driving the shift in the industry toward becoming more commoditized. Also, numerous biotech upstarts, which are smaller, more agile, and have lower overhead costs than their conglomerate competitors, are growing in power and taking market share. As the dynamics of the industry change, the established companies will find themselves facing stiff competition from all sides. B. Contextual Environment – PEST Analysis A PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) analysis is a useful tool for understanding the larger environment within which the company operates. Companies can use this tool to identify a multitude of important aspects of their environments that may impact their businesses. . Political Environment – Changing Politics and Policies First, the politics on local, regional, national, or international scales can exert strong forces on businesses. Since Johnson Johnson operates worldwide, it must keep track of the political developments that may affect its business. For example, in the Czech Republic, health care is the sub ject of a major political debate. Changes in the healthcare system may affect to whom Johnson Johnson needs to market, and with whom it needs to negotiate if the company wants its products covered by the Czech healthcare system. Also, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic has a weak Parliament that will change in 2010’s elections. The company needs to anticipate which policies may shift under the new government. Finally, Johnson Johnson should be aware that the Czech Republic will serve as president of the Council of the European Union for the first six months of 2009. This is the best time for the Johnson Johnson branch located in the Czech Republic to lobby for any policy changes regarding the company’s interests and the business environment. 2. Economic Environment – The Crisis and the Euro The economic climate is also important for Johnson Johnson to analyze in order to predict when its business may face challenges, as well as when it can seize an opportunity for growth. Operating in the European Union and larger European community means that Johnson Johnson has felt the effects of the current economic crisis. Aware of the crisis, the company has been able to plan for its impact, and fortunately, the effects on Johnson Johnson have not been severe, as medical products remain necessities even in periods of economic downturn. In respect to the Johnson Johnson branch in the Czech Republic, the economic environment is one that quickly transitioned from a communist, planned economy to the free market. Though the Czech Republic has embraced free market principles since the fall of the Soviet Union, it is important that Johnson Johnson recognize that this change was relatively recent, and certain aspects of working in the Czech Republic may still be affected by this history. Finally, discussions surrounding the use of the euro and the benefits and disadvantages of a common currency are debates that Johnson Johnson should be aware of in this time period. While Slovakia adopted the euro in January 2009, the Czech Republic has kept its own currency. A switch to the euro in the Czech Republic could have a wide range of effects, some positive and some negative, and Johnson Johnson should understand the implications for its business if that change occurs in the Czech Republic. For example, adopting the euro would make transactions with other countries more convenient, and Johnson Johnson should be prepared for a possible increase in transactions or the speed in which transactions take place in order to take advantage of the opportunities this change could provide. It should also be ready for the numerous practical difficulties with tasks such as accounting that may occur with a change in currency. Keeping these economic scenarios in mind is the kind of forward-thinking that is crucial to Johnson Johnson’s success. 3. Social Environment – Aging Population and Public Health Problems There are two major social changes on the horizon that will both affect Johnson Johnson as well as provide tremendous opportunities. The first is the aging population. The gigantic baby boomer generation, consisting of those born between 1946 and 1964, has had a huge social and economic impact on the world since its birth. This trend will continue as the generation is beginning to enter old age. The influx of senior citizens will create huge demands throughout all realms of medical care. Johnson Johnson can expect to see increased sales across all three of its segments – pharmaceuticals, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer goods – in the coming decades, and must plan production accordingly to be able to meet the needs of this huge generation as they enter their most medically-dependent years. Additionally, in order to cater to the aging population, Johnson Johnson is pioneering developments in preventative medicine as well as less invasive surgery techniques. Another major social change affecting Johnson Johnson is the phenomenon of surging rates of various health problems, especially in developed societies but spreading worldwide, from obesity and diabetes to cancer and mental disorders. Though highly problematic for society, companies in medicine-related industries such as Johnson Johnson are finding themselves with an increasing number of people to treat and cure. As a company that invests heavily in research and development, Johnson Johnson has the opportunity to lead the way in finding ways to address these serious public health issues. 4. Technological Environment – Promising New Fields As many pharmaceutical drug markets become saturated and the blockbuster drug strategy becomes obsolete due to the major changes occurring in the industry, innovation and breakthrough medical technologies are essential for finding blue oceans in which to compete. Predictive medicine, which entails predicting diseases based on genetics and preventing them, and personalized medicine, which involves managing a patient’s health based on his or her individual characteristics as opposed to following the more traditional â€Å"standards of care† model, are growing fields into which Johnson Johnson can expand. The company’s strong emphasis on research and development and its leadership in the medical devices and diagnostics segment put it in an excellent position to become a frontrunner in making new discoveries in these promising new technological fields. C. Determining Threats and Opportunities 1. Threats – The Uneducated Consumer and Mergers and Acquisitions One of the biggest threats facing a company like Johnson Johnson is the uneducated consumer. Especially within the consumer products and pharmaceuticals markets, with the increasing availability and lower cost of generic products, a key component of continued competitiveness is the discerning consumer who has preferences when it comes to treatment options. Johnson Johnson must continually work hard to make sure that people are aware of its products and the quality that it ensures through effective branding and promotional practices, as well as consumer education. Patent expirations are also a constant concern for Johnson Johnson as proprietary information is an integral part of sustained revenue streams. Mergers and acquisitions (M) present both potential opportunities and threats for Johnson Johnson. The company has pursued M that have served to expand the company’s resources and help penetrate new and diverse markets. For example, Johnson Johnson recently acquired Mentor Corporation in order to expand its operations in to the aesthetic and reconstructive medicine market. Also, an important new medical product called the Fibrin Pad was developed with the cooperation of three Johnson Johnson-owned subsidiaries. These are just a couple examples of how Johnson Johnson is able to both grow and innovate through M. On the other hand, M between other companies in the healthcare industry have the potential to upset Johnson Johnson’s value chain and competitive advantages. Johnson Johnson must pay close attention to the actions of rival companies in order to maintain its market-leader positions and barriers to entry against competitors. 2. Opportunities – Research, Synergies, Emerging Markets, and the Aging Population Johnson Johnson’s greatest opportunity is found in its heavy investment in research and development. This is especially important for its medical devices and diagnostics and pharmaceutical divisions. It is necessary for the company to be on the leading technological edge when it comes to medical devices to ensure that it can offer the most accurate and up-to-date machines available. As for the pharmaceutical sector, patent expiration and generic drugs demand constant innovation and addition to Johnson Johnson’s pipeline of products for sustained success. Strong pipelines in its pharmaceutical and medical devices sectors are a major source of confidence in the company’s long-term success. With eight new late-stage compounds in the pharmaceutical sector and the introduction of several new products to new markets in the medical devices sector, Johnson Johnson seems to be advancing its pipeline quite progressively. It also strives to be a consistently innovative company, and around 40% of its current products have been developed within the last 3-4 years. In 2008, Johnson Johnson spent $7. billion on research and development. The reinvestment of 11% of sales in to R, versus the industry average of 3%, demonstrates a source of competitive advantage for the company. Synergies between product branches are yet another source of opportunities for Johnson Johnson. Through the well-coordinated efforts of its pharmaceutical and consumer products divisions, Johnson Johnson was able to make the formerly prescribed drug Zyrtec available as an over-the-counter drug, which came to be the company’s most successful product launch in 2008. This is yet another example of how the company is able to pool its resources in order to find ways to fulfill both the needs of both its customers and stakeholders. Other opportunities for Johnson Johnson are present in emerging markets such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. Its products are currently available to only 25% of the world’s population. However, through its decentralized management approach and the adjustment of its products and strategies to match local needs and preferences, Johnson Johnson is reaching an ever-increasing consumer base. One method Johnson Johnson has been able to reach a broader consumer base through is the de-featuring of products, such simplified blood-glucose meters, which allows for access to lower-income customers and dampens the parasitic effect of cheap substitutes. One final opportunity exists in the demographic trend towards an ageing population. People are living longer, and because of this, new types of medical needs are arising all the time. Many types of medical treatments and surgeries are being developed and becoming more commonplace, such as hip replacements and plastic surgery. Patients want to be able to fix their ailments and expect a quick and uncomplicated recovery afterwards. It is up to Johnson Johnson to develop and provide the best possible equipment and supplies to do this and fulfill the company promise of customer success. III. Establishing European and Global Opportunities A. Expansion into New Markets – Developing Countries Despite the many challenges of working in both the European and global business environments, it is clear that these environments also allow Johnson Johnson to strengthen and continue to grow its business. With income and living standards on the rise in many European countries such as Turkey and the Czech Republic, where sales have already increased, and across the globe in developing countries like China and India, Johnson Johnson has many opportunities to sell its products in new markets or expand more in markets it has previously penetrated. In order to take advantage of the broadening market field, Johnson Johnson has begun to offer products that will appeal to people in less affluent nations. Its objective is clear: make products that are affordable for most of the world. To do this, Johnson Johnson has created de-featured versions of products that can be sold at a lower price, thus becoming accessible to more patients. B. Domestic Market Defense – Competition and Mistakes While Johnson Johnson expands to serve more customers in new markets, it must also maintain its secure position domestically. Though the consumer segment only accounts for only 25% of its total sales, the company realizes that keeping up its reputation and remaining a household name will help it as it moves into foreign markets. To put it simply, Johnson Johnson must remain synonymous with quality, safe products. Next, Johnson Johnson must be ready to compete with an even greater number of competitors, such as Pfizer, Merck, Novartis and Eli Lilly. Despite being the world’s largest healthcare company, it still faces competition and has run into problems when it has attained the market lead, grown too confident in its product, and then lost the lead. Because Johnson Johnson has twice lost its lead with one particular product, a heart stent, it now seems aware of this problem in its business strategy and therefore will be prepared for similar situations as it continue to penetrate new markets. IV. Analyzing Johnson Johnson’s Current Position A. Value Chain Analysis – Synergies, Cost Reductions, and Relationships A value chain analysis of Johnson Johnson reveals several key sources of value generation. Johnson Johnson consists of 250 companies that operate in 57 countries worldwide. The widespread nature of its operations and decentralized management practices allow for a high degree of local autonomy and adaptation. This makes Johnson Johnson very efficient in discovering and reacting to changing consumer demands across the globe. Also, the convergence of knowledge and information from branches across the globe gives the corporation a great advantage in the development of new products and technologies. Flexibility and detailed, location-specific knowledge coupled with heavy investments in technology, most notably IT, are the main production-based value drivers of the corporation. They allow for timely, adaptive responses to changing needs and the ability to achieve first leader power in emerging markets. Johnson Johnson is making progress in finding ways to reduce costs. Standardization initiatives in its pharmaceutical sector enabled the company to streamline operations and cut costs by $1. 6 billion in 2008. Cost savings are also created by means of acquisitions. For example, Johnson Johnson’s acquisition of Pfizer Consumer Healthcare is expected to generate up to $600 billion in â€Å"cost synergies† by unifying the efforts of the two companies. Johnson Johnson also emphasizes the importance of relationships with both its consumers and employees in its company credo. A talented and dependable workforce is important for innovation and efficiency in operations for any corporation. The company demonstrates its desire for employee welfare with healthcare services and carefully developed online resources. With an employee turnover ratio of less than 5%, Johnson Johnson demonstrates that it is capable of attracting and retaining the right kind of people to help it remain successful. B. Competitive Positioning – Differentiation and Resource Allocation As stated in the annual report, Johnson Johnson is a company focused on broad-based human healthcare. It offers a plethora of products throughout its pharmaceutical, medical devices and diagnostics, and consumer products divisions. These products are made in response to both local and global consumer demands, representing solutions for many different customer segments. These factors are evidence that Johnson Johnson has chosen the competitive strategy of differentiation. Using this strategy affords Johnson Johnson a sense of prestige and quality and this is evident in its pricing practices. However, the company does use competitive pricing strategies and is continually trying to find ways to lower costs without sacrificing quality or reputation. Johnson Johnson is constantly seeking to expand its product portfolio across all divisions and spends large amounts of money in RD to that end. A Johnson Johnson representative said, â€Å"Be the first, be the best. † This is the most effective way for the company to enter new markets and secure a strong position by being the first to offer the right products in the right locations in a time efficient manner. Johnson Johnson’s ability to perform these actions successfully is due to the sprawling nature of its subsidiaries and the amount of resources dedicated towards making sure that they all work with each other and share information. Johnson Johnson holds a very strong competitive position versus other corporations due to the amount of its resources and depth of its operations. It is able to maintain its position as market leader in several product categories, as well as penetrate emerging markets, because of its ability to adapt quickly and intelligently. The company must remain vigilant, however, as complacency can result in loss of market share. V. Assessing Effectiveness and Conclusion In today’s fast-paced business environment, any firm needs to consistently reevaluate its strategic positioning, but in industries as competitive as the ones in which Johnson Johnson competes, continual evaluation is vital for long-term success. By any quantitative measures, Johnson Johnson is a very successful company, and the fact that it has earned a profit for 75 straight years suggests that there is a definite plan for long-term success. The company’s famous credo, known as â€Å"Our Credo† and written by former chairman Robert W. Johnson in 1943, may have a role in this success. The credo outlines Johnson Johnson’s responsibilities to its customers, employees, communities, and finally its stockholders. It also establishes the principles that guide the company, from making high quality products and recognizing employees’ merit to protecting the environment and experimenting with new ideas. Johnson Johnson’s credo has endured, unchanged, for over 65 years. While it does not explicitly state long term goals, the principles within it express the company’s intrinsic values. According to the company’s website, â€Å"Our Credo is more than just a moral compass. We believe it’s a recipe for business success. The fact that the Johnson   Johnson is one of only a handful of companies that have flourished through more than a century of change is proof of that. † Johnson Johnson has indeed flourished. It consistently tops the corporate reputation charts and is a role model for social responsibility. Moreover, the company is clearly prepared for the many challenges its ever-changing international business environment poses. Due to its strategic positioning and eye on the future, Johnson Johnson will likely survive another century. REFERENCES Academic Visit to Johnson Johnson, Prague, Czech Republic. â€Å"2008 Annual Report. † Johnson Johnson Gassman, Oliver, Gerrit Reepmeyer and Maximilian von Zedtwitz. â€Å"Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation. † Springer â€Å"The Global Pharmaceutical Industry. † Duke University â€Å"Mental health drug market tapped out? † CNNMoney. com â€Å"Our Credo Values. † Johnson Johnson. â€Å"Patent Expirations Behind JJ Cuts, CT Looks Closer at Patents. † Cosmetics and Toiletries How to cite Johnson Johnson Global Business Environment, Essay examples

Poetry Analysis Conjoined vs Most Like Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis: Conjoined vs Most Like Essay Poetry Analysis: Conjoined versus Most Like an Arch This Marriage People often dream of finding the perfect soul mate A special someone with salary hopes and goals for their future. They dream of someone to share the good and bad times with them. They dream of a person that will love them unconditionally until death parts them. And although I seriously doubt anyone has ever said the sacred marriage vows to another while believing the union would not last forever, the high divorce rate shows that more and more, marriages are falling and separation Is highly probable. Its not clear why some marriages are successful and why some fail, but after reading the two poems, Most Like an Arch This Marriage and Conjoined, its crystal clear to me that marriage can indeed be either dream come true, or a living nightmare. In fact. Its also quite possible for one partner to be happy in a marriage and the other one to be completely miserable. In this analysis, I plan on comparing the two poems, their similarities as well as their differences and how the poets used various writing techniques to illustrate their ideas on the marriage theme they have written about. In Most Like an Arch This Marriage, poet John Acrid uses symbolism, similes, metaphors, and imagery when comparing his marriage to an arch. The theme illustrates that marriage can be an ideal, happy, blissful union. Acrid shows how he and his spouse are two weaknesses that lean into a strength (5), and how, when partners act alone, whats strong and separate falters (10). When first reading Most Like an Arch This Marriage, I truly didnt understand most of the meanings behind the similes and metaphors and therefore I really wasnt as captivated as I am now that I have researched how arches are successfully constructed. The poem is beautifully written, where I felt a strong sense of commitment from the author that gave a happy and secure tone to the poem. The Merriam Webster Dictionary defines an arch as: a usually curved part of a structure that is over an opening and that supports a wall or other weight above the opening. After careful review of arches, Ive found that they are always built on a firm foundation and that the opening under the arch symbolizes some type of entrance, but almost always, the arch symbolizes a union ND the hope of things to come. As AR as marriages are concerned, for many years, couples used wedding cake toppers that had a bride and groom, often standing under an archway. Today, many couples stand under decorative archways when they are taking their vows, or lighting a unity candle. In Most Like an Arch, Clara Is using the simile of most Like an arch-an entrance which upholds (1 ) to symbolize the couple entering into the sacred union of marriage, where he believes that i nside half -heaven unfolds (4). When speaking of Heaven, I believe he Is using a metaphor to compare Heaven to a marriage and that he must consider the union as perfect. He later uses the simile of most Like an arch-two weaknesses that lean (5) to show that two fillings become firm (6). Its 1 OFF Bible, where it is stated that the two shall become one flesh and that the union is forever (Revised Standard Version. Matthew 19. 5). He makes it obvious for a simple reader like me to realize that marriage is a balancing act, where two must work together, leaning on each other through the good and bad times. Otherwise, the couple becomes two again Weak And unable to stand. Sadly, when studying Conjoined, you quickly realize that poet Judith Mints has an opposing view of Cirris sacred union. She writes about a terrible marriage where at least one of the partners is unhappy and she uses similes, metaphors, and strong imagery to show that marriage can indeed be hell on earth. Conjoined has a negative tone, stating that the partnership is doomed (Mints 8). And Mints suggests that at least one of them feels they are trapped, and that they cannot escape each other (15). .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .postImageUrl , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:hover , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:visited , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:active { border:0!important; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:active , .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158 .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua354067bc69c7014521a8d8650b7b158:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: World War I: The Overthrow of the Romantic EssayConsidering the fact that Mints uses metaphors of comparing a marriage to an onion and monster (1) and to an accident (5), I think its clear that she believes being with he wrong partner can be toxic. Could anything be worse than comparing a marriage to an onion The one food that everyone can agree on stinking? Or how about a monster? As kids, we grow up trying to keep them out from under our beds and we are constantly scared of them getting to us and causing us harm. The same could be said about her next comparison, the accident. Eve never heard off good accident. Trouble almost always follows an accident, why would anyone want to compare their marriage to one? Its Just not clear what happened that changed her heart towards err spouse, but something surely did, as she uses some pretty depressing similes throughout the poem as well. The two headed calf (Mints 5), and Siamese twins, Change and Eng (Mints 7) both bring negative images to mind as the calf and twins are both freak acts of nature. They are hopelessly bound together Sharing one body. They cannot make it on their own, and, yet, they often suck the life right out of the other one. She makes it obvious that she feels like she is in this marriage until death, but sadly, the death is happening emotionally and not by a physical nature. Not only that, Mints feels as if she has to fake being happy and continue on in the marriage in order to do protect her husband because to sever the muscle could free one/ but might kill the other (12-13). I can think of nothing worse than feeling trapped with someone and feeling I had to stay that way until my death. It pained me to have to read the poem over and over in order to properly analyze it. As I said earlier, I seriously doubt that anyone ever enters into marriage believing it will not last forever. But after reading both of these poems, Im convinced that in order to eve a lasting relationship, a couple must first build a firm foundation of trust, commitment, and mutual respect. If you always stand together I dont believe you will ever be weak! The strength comes from unconditionally loving each other. Unfortunately, most people cannot do that and one is always a little more invested in the relationship than the other. In a perfect world, all marriages would be like the fairytale written about in Most Like an Arch But reality sets in, people change, and sadly, there are too many marriages that end up like the living hell nightmare in Conjoined. Learning how to grow together, lean on each other for support, and making it through the bad times isnt always easy.

HOW TO WRITE A GOOD ESSAY ON ANY TOPIC PART 1

Let’s accept the fact that essay writing is a rather laborious process and not the easiest thing to do. It is a bitter truth. Essays are very frequently assigned for homework. It is another bitter truth. What is the way out? You can’t change or annul the academic requirements (at this very moment). On the other hand, you can read the article below and find all necessary elements to provide a good essay, even if it is your first one. 1. 10 STEPS TO WRITE A BRILLIANT ESSAY Planning is everything. Dwight D. Eisenhower We should all heed the words of the 34th President of the United States. If your academic skills are not perfect, you have to plan all steps to writing an essay, and that is the first thing you should do. Choosing a topic for an essay The fact that you need something to write about is obvious and undeniable. Everything becomes much easier if your teacher has provided you with a topic. Anyway, you may check our article â€Å"Original Essay Topics.† In the first place, your essay is more likely to be brilliant if you are really interested in the subject you write about. Choose wisely! - Dig deep! So, the next step is profound research. No matter what topic you choose, probably you’ll find enough material provided by well-educated specialists, experienced journalists, and famous writers. You should not choose some random sources; make sure that they are credible and trustworthy. - Give yourself time Good ideas do not always come first. Try to look at your theme from different angles, and then look again, and again. Have a rest. And look again. Your mind needs some space to imagine all possible variants of the argumentation and approaches. Organize your personal â€Å"brainstorming† session with tea and cake! - Structure your thoughts Creating the diagram or outline for your essay is one of the necessary steps to writing an essay. The outline has to be detailed and well-organized. You should also include some keywords or references for every point of your plan. If you are prone to creativity and imaginative thinking, you may draw your diagram in the shape of a pyramid, sun, house, or any other appropriate object. - The thesis statement is the root of everything On the internet, you can find specific lectures and guidelines about writing an A-level thesis. In few words, it has to be understandable, narrow, and exhaustive. A thesis statement determines the structure of your essay, so strive for the ideal. - Just do it Now you should start writing. Begin with the introduction, then move to the main body, and, finally, come to a conclusion. - All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy Have a rest. No joke. Take a nap or go for a walk. Remember that you are not a robot that can just plug in a wall socket and be OK. You need a fresh mind to add the finishing touches. - Perfection Read your essay one more time. If you feel that you can do it better, now is the right moment. If you see unnecessary phrases – delete them. Tautologies? Use your dictionary, and find a synonym. Spelling and grammar mistakes are also not allowed. - Fresh perspective Getting feedback may also be considered as one of the steps to write an essay. Consult your parents, friends, or teacher before writing a final draft. Two heads are better than one. Even the greatest writers of all time shared their ideas with their wives, husbands, and close friends before publishing their books. - End of the road After you assure yourself that everything is done correctly, write a final draft for your essay. And read it one more time. Just in case. Formula of the Perfect Essay Lots of educational sources compare essay writing with the process of cooking a burger. We think that this is just not right. How dare they compare this amazing and delicious masterpiece with homework? We are not saying that the essays should be your worst nightmare, absolutely not. Anyway, you can’t create a brilliant essay without a proper recipe as well as a tasty burger, soup, or lasagna. Now, let’s throw light on all the tiniest parts of the essay structure. 2. HOW TO WRITE AN INTRODUCTION FOR AN ESSAY? Firstly, let’s figure out the main task of the introduction. The first paragraph is aimed at grabbing the reader’s attention and making him or her continue reading. What usually draws our attention? Something interesting, mysterious, funny, and unusual. It’s a pity, but you can’t draw a beautiful flower or fluffy kitty instead of your introduction paragraph. So, how to write an essay introduction to â€Å"wow† readers? Be funny Laughing is one the easiest ways to comfort your readers and to prepare them for a further perception of the text. Be careful with jokes! This method is not very appropriate for the essays about serious social, economic, or political issues, like homelessness, hunger, and revolutions. Moreover, make sure that your anecdote is funny not only for you, otherwise it may embarrass or confuse an average person. Be mysterious Professional magicians have a simple but really effective rule: diversion is half of the success. Your topic is on gender inequality? Start your essay with a question about apples and oranges. You wonder what’s the point? It means your readers will wonder too. That’s the point. Be interesting Tell a story. Life is a collection of stories: fairy tales, cartoons, novels, comic books, etc. Why won’t you offer another one for your reader? Of course, it shouldn’t be too long or complicated. The main idea of the tale has to be relevant to your essay theme. Be unusual Predictability is boring. An irregular approach is exactly what you need in order to amaze your reader. Speak in a roundabout way, ask questions, and tell stories. Use your imagination and creativity, because you have only one attempt to attract your reader. Don’t waste it! Jokes and stories are not enough for a good introduction. You should also include a thesis statement in the first paragraph. The thesis statement is one, perhaps two sentences at the beginning of your essay that summarizes your ideas and sets a direction and steps for your writing. There are four major stages of writing a perfect thesis statement: 1. Answer the question. Example: What function does an admissions essay have in the application process, and why is it important? An admissions essay allows the colleges to learn more about the candidate. 2. Answer the WHOLE question. An admissions essay is the only way for the colleges to learn what kind of person the candidate is. 3. Provide examples. An admissions essay is the only way for the colleges to learn what kind of individual the candidate is; it has to demonstrate his or her personal qualities, career aspirations, and life goals. 4. Perfection: make sure your thesis statement is immaculate. An admissions essay is the only way for a candidate to demonstrate his or her personal qualities, career aspirations, and life goals; it is also an opportunity for colleges to hear the candidate’s personal voice. 3 HOW TO CONSTRUCT THE MAIN BODY OF AN ESSAY? A burger without meat is worth nothing. It is the same for an essay and the main body. The body paragraphs are the part of your essay between the introduction and conclusion. Text length depends on your word limit and your own writing energy. Every paragraph has to loosely consist of a similar number of words. This should be obvious for every conscious mind, but we’ll repeat a simple truth: one paragraph is NOT ENOUGH! Phew. It had to be done. Let’s move on to less obvious statements. All body paragraphs should include: - Topic sentence - Examples - Argument/evidence - Coherent structure - A clear connection with the thesis - Sub-conclusion (optional) Every paragraph represents only one sub-point in order to let your reader easily follow your reasoning. The most important, or strongest, arguments you should place at the beginning of the essay main body or save for the last paragraph because they will make a first impression and form a fine aftertaste. All parts of the main body should be connected with proper transitions. A coherent text is more convincing and readable than a range of random arguments. You should enforce all points with one or more supporting details. Your statements will sound unreliable without facts, real-life examples, quotes, statistics, etc. Remember that not only the general length of your writing matters. Every paragraph should be about 5-7 sentences. It is impossible to make a statement and prove it in one sentence. On the other hand, a reader loses his or her concentration while reading a long paragraph. That is why there is no need to elongate your speech artificially. You’d better think about different approaches to enhance your main idea. One of the most popular models of writing is the five-paragraph essay. It is not always appropriate, but useful for beginners who have just started their way to academic success. The structure of this draft is simple: introduction, three body paragraphs, and conclusion. There are two different strategies of the disposition of the arguments. The first method suggests putting your weakest point in the middle in order to circle it with stronger ones. The second approach is like a downward staircase: the first paragraph includes the cleverest argument, and the last one – the weakest argument. A good example is the best way to explain how to write a body paragraph correctly. We will analyze a sample on â€Å"Canterbury Tales† written by Geoffrey Chaucer. The task question is: â€Å"What are the main reasons which make all the tales fantastic?† 4. HOW TO WRITE A CONCLUSION PARAGRAPH FOR AN ESSAY? The open-ended movie intrigues; the open-ended book makes you think; the open-ended essay raises the question, â€Å"So what?† Sounds uncertain, right? In your conclusion, you have to remind your audience why they have read your essay and why it was not a waste of time. The concluding paragraph is more likely to stick in your reader’s memory than any other part of your paper. That is why it has to be the best part of your writing. Here is a list of four good strategies to complete your conclusion properly: Do’s - As we mentioned above, a bad conclusion frequently raises the question, â€Å"So what?† You won’t believe, but the easiest way to avoid this question is to give an exhaustive answer in the last paragraph. Restate the most significant points in the concluding paragraph and put a period. Great job! - The reader wants to have a feeling of completeness. Your conclusion may repeat your thesis statement. Now the cycle is completed. Sure, you should not repeat it verbatim, just use paraphrasing. - Give your reader a hint about the further development of your topic or mention other aspects that could be interesting to him or her. For example, if you analyze the influence of Impressionism on European culture, in your concluding paragraph you may remark that it also had an effect on American culture. - You may quote or reference one of your sources. A quotation helps to specify and confirm your final point. If your essay is dedicated to a book or movie, this strategy is perfect. - Use the Socratic method – ask a question. It may motivate readers to think over your topic or even to provide their own research. It is a brilliant strategy for those who want to stimulate thinking of their readers. Now it’s time for some bad strategies that you SHOULD NOT use for your conclusion: Don’ts - More data, more facts, more ideas. That’s enough! Your concluding paragraph is not a good place for the information you’ve forgotten to mention in the main body. Just let it go! - As a rule, a conclusion doesn’t exceed the limit of a few sentences. It has to be short and clear without unnecessary details. - No doubt, you can offer new ideas and perspectives in your essay, but don’t do this in the last paragraph! If the moment of epiphany has come too late, you’d better write another body paragraph than try to square the circle. - A conclusion is not a summary of your paper but a synthesis of your main points. If you don’t have more than one sentence to write, it is not bad. Don’t expatiate by adding the information that your readers already know. - Stay away from the phrases like â€Å"to sum up,† â€Å"in conclusion,† etc. Your readers understand perfectly well that the last paragraph is a concluding one. Don’t irritate them! - Don’t apologize! It is not your fault that the word limit doesn’t allow you to present all the information you have found. Avoid phrases like â€Å"this is just one side of the problem,† â€Å"you can find much more information,† etc. Don’t show that you are not sure about the quality of your essay; your readers will think the same way. - You should follow the same style through your essay. If your tone is serious and logical, don’t try to surprise readers with an emotional or motivating phrase. It will be a more confusing than entertaining move. 5. TYPES OF ESSAYS Do you really think that reading and understanding your topic is enough? Ha. Think again. Do you know how many types of essays exist? A gazillion. Let’s talk about them a little to figure out what you have to do with different types of essays. Argumentative Essay As a rule, a topic for this kind of essay is a general question. Your task is to answer this question and to persuade your reader that your opinion is the most immaculate and accurate. The argumentative essay belongs to the essay types that are frequently asked as a writing assignment in both schools and colleges. Mention well-known sources and real-life examples for your arguments to be more compelling. Topic example: â€Å"Can social networking replace real life communication?† Analytical Essay The main goal of the analytical essay is – what a surprise – to analyze a tendency, behavior, event, etc. This type of essay is all about logical reasoning and structure. A reader should follow your thoughts naturally and easily. Use linking words to give a reader the right direction of thinking. Topic example: â€Å"Why do teenagers often dye their hair?† Problem Solution Essay This type of essay is often asked in IELTS. You state a problem and offer your solution. Mention also your expectations about the consequences that will follow. Your personal problems are not always interesting for readers. This is not meant as an offense, but only the truth. Topic example: â€Å"How to cope with apathy after a personal tragedy?† Expository Essay Using this essay, you explain an idea in a clear and simple way. You don’t prove anything: your goal is to present all the sides of the topic for your audience. NO emotions and NO opinions. Only facts and logic. Topic example: â€Å"Explain why music is used as a medicine by psychiatrists.† Process Essay In this type of essay, you provide your readers with a step-by-step guide. In short, you write an exhaustive and detailed instruction. Start a new paragraph for each step in order not to confuse your readers. Topic example: â€Å"How to choose a topic for a killer essay?† Descriptive or Description Essay You describe things, people, nature events, or your grandma’s perfect cake. You should not write about your general impression. You have to describe all the aspects of your subject: how it looks, how it smells, how it feels, etc. Use your imagination skills in full force. Remember that you have five senses to describe the object you’ve chosen! Topic example: â€Å"Describe the best circus performance you have ever seen.† Persuasive Essay After reading your essay, everyone has to agree with your viewpoint. Compelling arguments, eloquence, and confidence are the fundamental tools for providing a brilliant persuasive essay. Persuasive and argumentative essays are similar but not the same! You have to change your reader’s opinion in a persuasive essay using your power of conviction. Topic example: â€Å"The death penalty must be replaced with organ donation.† Definition Essay This type of essay defines a certain term, concept, or phenomenon in a very detailed way. You should investigate the origin, the usage, and the meanings. The dictionary definition is not enough; provide deep and comprehensive research on your topic. Topic example: â€Å"Define ‘hacktivism.† Compare and Contrast Essay You have to list the differences and similarities of two events, devices, tendencies, celebrities, etc. Push the boundaries! Compare unexpected objects: gadgets, brands, websites, etc. Topic example: â€Å"A marriage of love vs. a marriage of convenience.† College Admissions Essay This essay is a crucial part of the application process. The admission board wants to know more about you through your writing. For certain, you wonder how to choose a college essay topic. They are so various that it is difficult to explain in a few words. Anyway, you’d better stay away from the worst essay topics for college. Show the admissions officers that you are not merely a handful of accomplishments but a perfect candidate for their college. Topic example: â€Å"How does my name define my destiny?† Cause and Effect Essay Your primary goal is to specify the reasons and consequences of a certain problem or event. You may investigate the cause, suggest effects, or do both. Don’t skip from one aspect to another without a proper connection. Topic example: â€Å"Social networking addiction: the causes and effects.† Advantages and Disadvantages Essay Unlike the argumentative essay, this type of essay doesn’t defend any point of view. In fact, it represents opposite opinions on a particular topic. Be careful with your task! Sometimes, you should also provide your own opinion as a conclusion. Topic example: â€Å"Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the industrial revolution.† Narrative Essay In general, a narrative essay is a first-person story about a personal experience. However, it should have some kind of point or purpose. In that case, your narrative essay is a compelling and moving example to prove your main idea. Include all necessary parts of the story (introduction, plot, characters, conclusion, etc. Topic example: â€Å"BFF and other lies.† Here is more narrative essay topics for your consideration. Critical Essay This paper is your verdict. You evaluate and criticize an art piece or a project in order to reveal its weaknesses or underscore its strengths. Write some general data about your essay’s subject, because your readers are not necessarily well-informed. Topic example: â€Å"Lolita by Vladimir Nabokov and the concept of true love.† Classification Essay Your main goal is to separate objects, ideas, or things into particular groups. You have to explain your classification in a proper way and provide examples. Look for an unpredictable approach to the classification of usual concepts. Regular things may shine in new splendor in the right hands! Topic example: â€Å"Five types of weekends.† Note to consider: The descriptive essay and the narrative essay don’t require strict formatting or structure. Sure, you should be consistent and logical, but let your creativity come in full force while writing these essays. Feel free to show your creative side! We hope our tips will help you a bit with creating every type of essay. (to be cont)

roe vs wade essays

roe vs wade essays In 1973, 904 abortions were preformed in New York and in 1992 only 694. Americas concerns over abortion and under what circumstances it should be allowed was catapulted into controversy on January 22 1973. On that day the U.S Supreme Court declared unconstitutional a Texas law prohibiting an abortion except for the propose of saving a womens life by a vote of 7-2. The decision reached after two presentations before the court invalidated abortion laws in 46 states. The court declared 1. In the first three months of pregnancy the abortion decision must be left to the women and her doctor. 2. In the interest of protecting womens health, states may restrict but not prohibit abortion s in the second or third trimesters of pregnancy 3. In the last three months of pregnancy states may regulate or even prohibit abortions to protect the life of the fetus except when medical judgment determines that an abortion is necessary to save the life of the mother. Jane Roe later identified as Norma McCorvey had sought an abortion in Texas but since her life was not in danger she was unable to obtain a legal abortion in Texas. This case was fought to challenge the constitutionality of the Texas law aiming to establish a new constitutional right allowing women to control their own bodies. The US district court for northern Texas declared abortion law unconstitutional but declined to grant injunctive relief to the plaintiffs. Roe and Wade appealed the court decision. During the Supreme Court hearing the court had been concerned with the rights of an unborn fetus. The case was eventually focused on amendment 14 of the constitution, which is the right to privacy protected under due process. People began to protest that the Supreme Court ignored state legislation in the expressed constitutional provisions in history. Today's debate over abortion remains as harsh as when it first began. ...

India country report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

India country report - Essay Example The historical development of India, as related to the country’s foreign relations is examined in this paper. The study of the literature published in this field has revealed that the role of India in the development of social and economic life in Asia has been critical. However, its political and social systems have suffered from severe conflicts, probably due to the inability of governors to respond to the daily needs of population. On the other hand, it has been made clear that the prospects of the country for the future are significant. Moreover, in terms of foreign relations, the country has become a key player in the development of important economic and political decisions globally. The history of India is based on a series of elements, such as the size of the country, the local caste system, the use of local religious beliefs for political reasons and the Indian identity, as it has been alternated today (Walsh 13). India is the largest country, in terms of its size, of Southeast Asia (Walsh 2006). In terms of geography, the country occupies a critical region, being a crossroad between the East Asia and the West. The strategic position of the country, as of its geographical characteristics, has been traditionally used for the development of important political decisions. ... Being surrounded by regions with different cultural and religious characteristics, India had to face severe social and political turbulences, leading even to the limitation of its territory, referring especially to the establishment of the state of modern Pakistan. At the same time, India is ‘the second most populous country, after China’ (Walsh 13). The development of the country’s urban life has been gradual; the development of a variety of communities across the country, as explained below, led to the appearance of many different dialects, about 16 (Walsh 13). As in all countries worldwide, the integrity of the country, as a member of the international community, has been secured through ‘a set of cultural and ethical assumptions common to people across the country’ (Walsh 2006). The caste system has been a significant part of India’s history. The system is based on categorization of people in accordance with their profession and their socia l class (Walsh 2006). The development of ‘unchanged villages of rural India’ (Walsh 15) has been the result of the expansion of caste system within the Indian social life. As for the country’s religious framework, this incorporates a series of different religions, such as Buddhist, Hindu, Muslim and Christianity (Walsh 16). The differentiations in regard to the country’s religious system, have led to severe social conflicts; the above phenomenon has been also be used by politicians for the promotion of particular ideas. In other words, in India, oppositions in regard to religion have supported political interests (Walsh 2006). When referring to the history of India, particular reference should be made to the history of community, which can be

Strategy in the Current Business Environment Research Paper

Strategy in the Current Business Environment - Research Paper Example This paper researches the business elements of Unilever extensively and compares it to one of its major competitors, Proctor and Gamble. Unilever is a British–Dutch multinational and a large-scale company offering consumer goods. The products offered by the organization include the beverages, foods, personal care products and cleaning agents. Unilever is the third-largest consumer goods company in the entire world in terms of its 2011 revenues. Procter & Gamble and Nestle follow the company with respect to their profits and sales generation. Proctor and Gamble Proctor and Gamble is a consumer goods company listed in the Fortune 500 list of the companies and is an American multinational corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio. The company, according to the 2011 statistics, witnessed $82.6 billion dollars in sales. In the list of â€Å"World’s Most Admired Companies† in Fortune magazine, the company is graded sixth in 2010 and has come up to fifth pl ace in 2011. The huge sales for Proctor and Gamble come from more than 160 countries all over the globe and this amount is balanced between the domestic and international markets of the company. Proctor and Gamble market and sells over 300 brands in its product line. The company has more than 120,000 employees who are divided into three business units of the organization worldwide. These business units include P&G beauty, P&G household care, and P&G family health. The company produces a wide variety of deodorants, colognes, skin care brands, personal cleaning and other products. Business Environment The business environment of an organization refers to the micro and macro environment in which it undertakes its operational and functional activities. This might include the basic legal, social and economic environments of the business at broader levels.

Medical Terminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Terminology - Essay Example Yes, I think that written policies have to be adopted for using abbreviations considering patients' safety. The Stanford Hospital Medical Board has adopted an abbreviation policy which comprises a list of 'approved acronyms, abbreviations and symbols to guide documentation and interpretation of hand-written notes'. Apart from this, the policy also includes a list of 'dangerous abbreviations and symbols' that should not be used. Some vital features of the policy includes that medication names should not be abbreviated and that use of metric system is strongly recommended. Use of abbreviations, acronyms and symbols is acceptable when used for a valid reason and under proper circumstances. For instance, abbreviations can be standardized and developed by individual organizations. Abbreviations can be accepted when used for a published reference source. A list of acceptable abbreviations can be put forward and a proposal can be laid to individuals who work in a particular organization to use abbreviations, acronyms or symbols that are present in the list.

SWOT, PESTEL and five forces analysis

SWOT, PESTEL and five forces analysis 2. Introduction The supermarket industry is fierce in terms of its competitors. There are four main firms that have dominant market share but still have the aim to become the market leader and want to be bigger and better for their customers and potential customers. 3. Methodology In order to conduct my research I used a variety of sources which included economical and contemporary books, additional journals were also used to gain more specific and up-to-date information. The internet was also a valuable source due to its nature and variety of widely available information. 4. PEST Model The Pest model allows us to see what changes have happened in the industry and how this can affect competition. It allows us to distinguish the not so important compared to what is vital in the industry. For any firm in this industry it is important to create value for its customers, so therefore an understanding of the customer is vital. To create value, a firm would have to create a form of understanding and a relationship with its suppliers. Also for a firm in this organisation an in depth understanding and monitoring of its competitors is essential in order to be a profitable company and have first mover advantage. This supermarket industry includes the customers, the suppliers and the competition. An understanding of the pest model allows us to discover comprehensive potential opportunities and threats in the future. I.e. global warming may not be an issue now but can be in the next hundred years; this could reflect raw materials for food. 4.2 Political There is a low level of unemployment this due to the recession; this affects the demand of good being bought as consumers have less disposable income. However, food is a commodity and will always be demanded sue to its nature. E.g. the price of stock in supermarkets has dropped in last few years with the intention of boosting demand. Its level of custom has also fallen. There are now restrictions on buying land or buying out another supermarket chain making it more difficult for supermarkets to expand. 4.3 Economical Barriers to entry E.g. Over 5 years it has been reported that 700 hundred supermarket stores have opening ranging from sizes to 3,000 to 25,000 square feet. In comparison to this it is going to be hard for smaller supermarket chains to break into this industry due to it competitors. Only 5 new supermarket stores have opened in last 5 years. As a result of the recession, supermarket chains have to concentrate on the demands of the customer. This could include customers looking at: Cost Prices Profits Overall price is very competitive in this industry. There is also a change in the way consumers shop; supermarket chains such as Tesco have addressed this by giving incentives such as a club card in order to gain brand loyalty and repeat custom. Larger supermarket chains are quick to eliminate competitors. E.g. Sainsburys had bought out star Market and then opened stores across Egypt. 4.4 Social Supermarkets are continually monitoring changing consumer trends and shopping patterns such as; Who is buying the product? When they buy the product? How they buy their products? Which products are they buying? Monitoring these trends and understanding then can create competition in order to be the first to develop products and services that meet changing patterns. E.g. in the UK,75% of customers shop twice a week and seven still shop at different chains. This pattern by UK shoppers is known as Bulk Shopping or One Stop Shopping. Even though the recession has cut back the number of jobs available, supermarkets still employ a large number of people. This could be due to their flexibility in working times such as part time. E.g. Sainsburys employs around 150,000 people in the UK alone. Also there will always be demand for commodities meaning that supermarkets have some level of safety. Some supermarkets use this as a marketing technique, for example Asda aims to create over 7,500 jobs in 2011 (Tue, 16 Nov 2010 (www.supermarketnew.co.uk)) There is also change in demand regarding taste: organic foods are now much more common in supermarkets due to greater awareness of global warming, fairtrade and many other issues. E.g. there could be health concerns surrounding British beef with BSE. 4.5 Technological Technology has become beneficial to customers in supermarkets. With self checkout tills, shopping has become much easier and more convenient for consumers for shoppers. They are also easy to use meaning that all consumers can take advantage of this new technology. Personalized shopping is also being introduced which again makes shopping easier and more convenient. E.g. Waitrose allows you shop with your own trolley gun. With the technology available and the number of companies supplying it, explosion is the word for it, said Tim M. Hammonds, senior vice president of the Food Marketing Institute in Washington. Almost every store is doing at least one experiment. Tesco are reported to have spent  £25 billion in 2005 setting up their on-line shopping website this also helps chains looking at consumer buying habits. Tesco.com is the worlds biggest online supermarket and this year the group had sales of over  £577 million, an increase of 29% on last year 4.6 Environment Cutting waste; fruit and vegetables have less packaging. Fresh and seasonal produce of a high quality Introduction to organic foods, governments have supported farmers to convert and grow only organic foods. 4.7 Legal Law legislations Health and Safety 5. Swot Analysis The SWOT analysis shows the strengths, Weakness, opportunities and threats in the supermarket industry. 5.1 Strengths Corporate culture The supermarket industry is one of the biggest and profitable Supermarkets are a necessity; people will always need food therefore the demand is always high in relation to other industries. Customers have different tastes; supermarkets have a wide variety of goods and services making it likely that a consumer can purchase all of their necessities in one place. Having different stores allowing access to the mass market. Customer Experiences e.g. in store cafes and facilities. Giving Incentives: Loyalty cards and point reductions on foods. Image; this encourages brand loyalty and can keep an environmentalist reputation. 5.2 Weakness Recession has impacted on supermarkets; giving better price reductions and deals undercutting competitors to retain market share. Low-cost supermarkets such as Aldi, Netto and Lidl have taken consumers due their much lower prices. Smaller supermarkets may have to fold due to recession and a very highly competitive market. Low employee efficiency and high labour turnover. 5.3 Opportunities Market leadership in a highly demanded segments i.e. the growth in organic and natural foods this will establish high economies of scale Merging or acquisitions gaining market share E.g. Morrisons takeover of Safeways. Working with foreign countries help supermarkets break into a new market. Such as Latin America, South East China and South Africa. 5.4 Threats Changes in Government Regulations Recession impacts the economic changes. I.e. Has and impact on customers spending patterns. 6. Portors five forces Porters five forces of competition identify structural variables influencing competition and profitability in the supermarket industry. 6.1 Threats of Entry The supermarket industry is dominated by some big competitor chains such as Tesco, Asda, Sainsburys and Morrisons and smaller chains such as Somerfiels, One Stop etc. Bigger Chain competitors have focused more on operation and efficiency and productivity (allowing a wider variety of foods or products, better services etc). This force has left very small and traditional shops like butchers, bakers trailing very far behind. This has made it very hard for new companies to enter the supermarket industry. I.e. it is hard for a new business to raise capital because of the large fixed costs and its in a very much developed market with chains like Tesco have self check out points and their own stock control system. Where as Asda focus on operational tactics, like product development, better promotional activities and concentrating on better distribution. 6.2 Bargaining Power of Supplier Because the industry is fierce and is growing to be influenced by the likes of Tesco and Asda they can negotiate better promotional prices in comparison to smaller chains have a fear of losing business. They benefit from purchasing economies of scale. Suppliers are under threat because big food chains can negotiate better deals abroad. There needs to be an effective relationship with the supplier and its seller, this makes for a better profit margin. 6.3 Bargaining Power of Buyers To meet customer needs there are many things, lowering prices, wider and better choices, countless promotional activities, consistently bettering customer service. E.g. Tesco club card is most successful to date and has added to Tescos profitability. Supermarket chains have become more aware of consumer needs and by expanding in new markets banking, pharmacies and clothing. There is also a push on ethical products as consumers have become increasingly aware, they are now available in most big supermarkets. 6.4 Threat of Substitutes There is a threat that consumers can switch from one supermarket to another, this can be due to consumers being influenced highly on price, better service or quality. In relation to this bigger chains are buying out smaller chains, and opening them strategically in small towns or cities. E.g. Morrisons tookover Safeway as a method of quick expansion. 6.5 Bargaining Power of Competitors The supermarket industry has grown dramatically in size mainly due to bigger chains and continuous growth. This has opened up bigger and better retail concentration, new formats and better customer service. E.g. Tesco retain and build relationship with customers with databases allowing them to see what the consumers have purchased. Companies need to be innovative to keep up with the consumer behaviour such as refocusing on pricing and its values. 6.6 Competitive Rivalry Because the industry is dominated by bigger supermarket chains, there is a constant battle for better prices or better reductions. This results to high price wars to all competitors. Supermarket chains focus on quality and value for the customer in return they could attract new customers of different segments of the market. By bigger chains spending much more on advertising including celebrity endorsement, E.g. Jamie Oliver being the face of Sainsburys and Heston Blumenthal and Delia Smith for Waitrose it becomes much harder for smaller chains to compete. By giving customer price incentives such as Buy-One-Get-One-Free (BOGOF) this again allows supermarkets to retain and maintain customer satisfaction. Loyalty cards are also good example of this. 7. Conclusion 7.1 Smaller supermarket vs. bigger supermarkets The emergence of a number of smaller grocery stores has increased in the past 12 months. A number of smaller supermarkets have been grasped by larger competitors. Morrisons purchase of 39 Somerfields after Co-Ops disposal programme, led Morrisons to further increase market share in the south east and in the London. Sainsburys followed Morrisons vision, breaking into new areas, opening 22 store acquisitions in the north. The stores average from 17,000 square feet. Waitrose reached beyond the South east, opening 14 new stores, averaging between 5,000 square feet under its actual store size. A recent newspaper headline stated Asda goes shopping at Netto in  £778m takeover deal (27.05.10, London evening standard) showing larger supermarkets being able to takeover much smaller chains. 7.2 Strategies Available During the recession, it is apparent that value for money is most important to the customer. There is little room to negotiate prices as the market is very competitive and each supermarket wants to retain market share. Food Retailers can look into trends and new technologies to differentiate from the competitors, i.e. smarter shopping carts and better formatting of stores. Supermarkets are looking into convenience for the shopper. Smaller stores such as Tescos Express fill the gap between the bigger and smaller stores; they stock ready made meals and supply the basic foods. The sales maybe smaller but they retain market share and overall the business in going to profit. Organic foods are becoming a strong strategy to pull in new customers. There is a distinctive line between luxurious and affordable prices. The organic Market is worth 340 million annually, this figure has doubled in the last 2 years. Supermarkets have recognised the potential and responded with their own range of organic produce. Tescos has market lead and Sainsburys are planning a huge launch of its own organic range as is evident from the newspaper headline below. Tesco turns itself into a green giant (The Sunday Times May 31, 2009) Asda will also be taking advantage, a spokeswoman for Asda says: Organic food is definitely something that can be marketed to the masses. Throughout our stores we have a suggestion box programme called Tuned In. More organics is the number one suggestion. A sales increase from 3.1% to 5.4% in sales. And have increased their organic range from 250 to 400 items with cutting prices. Supermarkets may not be able to persuade shoppers from its competitors directly but convenience of better food products may sway them naturally.

Jungian Perspectives of Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet:   Jungian Perspectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The term consciousness refers to "one’s awareness of internal and external stimuli. The unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior."(Weiten)   In the view of the Jungian analyst, there are two forces that drive Hamlet. One is his anima, which is the "personification of the feminine nature of a man’s unconscious"(Platania). The second is Hamlet’s desire to reach individuation, which will be discussed later. In reference to the anima, Platania states that "we experience the opposite sex as the lost part of our own selves." There is in each man a feminine side hidden beneath his masculinity. The mystery of Shakespeare’s Hamlet is a phantom of literary debate that has haunted readers throughout the centuries. Hamlet is a complete enigma; a puzzle scholars have tried to piece together since his introduction to the literary world. Throughout the course of Hamlet, the reader is constantly striving to rationalize Hamlet’s odd behavior, mostly through the play’s written text. In doing so, many readers mistakenly draw their conclusions based on the surface content of Hamlet’s statements and actions. When drawing into question Hamlet’s actions as well as his reasons for acting, many assume that Hamlet himself is fully aware of his own motives. This assumption in itself produces the very matter in question. Take for example Hamlet’s hesitation to kill the king. Hamlet believes that his desire to kill King Claudius is driven by his fathers’ demand for revenge. If this were true, Hamlet would kill Claudius the moment he has the chance, if not the moment he knows for sure that Claudius is guilty of murdering his father. Why does Hamlet hesitate? One must call into question what Hamlet holds to be true. If Hamlet’s given motivation for killing the king is legitimate, then Claudius should die at about Act 3. Because Hamlet’s actions do not correspond with his given reasoning, one is forced to look for an alternate explanation for Hamlet’s behavior. In doing so, one will come to the conclusion that Hamlet is driven by forces other than what is o bvious to the reader, as well as Hamlet himself. Given this example, one must denounce the assumption that Hamlet is aware of the forces that motivate him, and understand that Hamlet’s true motivation is unconscious This unconscious force is the true reason behind Hamlet’s mysterious behavior.

Obesity in Western Culture Essay

Within our constantly evolving and ever-changing Western world, what is deemed as being deviant has shifted and adapted to suit the norms and values of society at large. Thus, deviancy can be defined as behaviour that violates the normative rules, understandings or expectations of social systems. The issue of obesity has become increasingly prominent within Western society and is deemed as being deviant due to its wide unacceptance throughout society. In applying the ‘Functionalism’ perspective of deviance on obesity, the ways in which society attempts to handle and understand this issue is further outlined and explained. Obesity is a term used to describe body weight that is much greater than what is considered the healthy range. Individuals who are obese have a much higher amount of body fat than is healthy or recommended. Adults with a body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than 25 kg/m2 but less than 30 kg/m2 are considered overweight (Insel, Turner, Ross, 2009). The ways in which those who classify as ‘obese’ are perceived and portrayed by society are, within a Western society fixated on image and obsessed with reaching physical ‘perfection’, often negative and highly critical. The media plays a crucial role in shaping the idea’s and values our society holds. As we are constantly bombarded with images of ‘idealistically thin celebrities, it becomes evident that those who do not fit this normality are excluded from social acceptance and pressured into losing weight and fitting in. A recent article in the Sydney Morning Herald stated that; â€Å"while there was sympathy for underweight models because of possible eating disorders, those with overweight body shapes were blamed for not doing something to lose weight† (Gray, 2010). It is evident here that although there is some negativity urrounded with being ‘underweight’, super-thin models and celebrities continue to be represented as acceptable throughout the media, whereas those classified as ‘obese’ are rejected from mainstream society and blamed for not taking the initiative to lose weight. As we concentrate more on what is considered to be ‘physically attractive’, we lose sight of the various biological, genetic, and noncontrollable etiological factors (Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005) that relate towards obesity. Thus, negative stereotypes and stigmas are placed upon the obese, further strengthening heir label of deviancy. In a recent study conducted by Yale University, the perceived social consensus on attitudes toward obese people was tested. Three experiments were created towards educating the participants on the issue of obesity in hope of reducing the bias stereotypes and stigmas our society has successfully created towards the obese. (Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005). The study describes how the consensus attitude towards obesity prevents the reduction of stigmatizing and excluding the obese from mainstream society as people in general feel a sense of security and ‘approval’ in following the beliefs of the majority. Thus, if we as a society take greater acknowledgment in the causes of obesity and perhaps even empathize towards those labeled as obese; the idea of obesity as being a form of deviance could potentially shift throughout the long term. The ways in which the ‘obese’ are negative stigma held towards obesity by society at large. According to David F. Williamson of The New England Journal of Medicine (1999), it is crucial that doctors encourage greater weight loss towards obese patients as obese people are â€Å"twice as ikely to die from any cause as people of normal weight. † Society then not only recognizes obese people as being â€Å"obscene, lazy, slothful and gluttonous† (Adler, Adler 2000) but also as ill, and in a sense, ignorant towards the consequences of their poor state of health. As modern technology continues to develop and treatment options further increase, obesity becomes more and more deviant throughout society. Procedures such as ‘liposuction’ are becoming more available, with surgeries having increased 21 5 percent since 1992 (Naisbitt, Naisbitt, Philips 2001). Although ndergoing plastic surgery has not yet attained complete social acceptance, procedures such as liposuction reduce the consequence of the obese being labeled deviant due to their status. In contrast, the way obese people perceive and view themselves is largely impacted by the constant discrimination and criticism carried out by society at large. Although it can be said that in the presence of other obese people there is a greater sense of acceptance and understanding, the self-representation of obese people is generally negative and painful. According to an article on ABC news, one obese female stated hat â€Å"(you feel like) you have no right to exist as you are. Feeling as though this body is an outlaw body’ (Stark, 2004). The majority of obese people often view themselves as outsiders to the social norms of image and feel as though there is a ‘culture of blame’ (AN’, 2008) constantly against them. There have been studies undergone which illustrate the reluctance amongst obese patients to seek preventive health care services due to the embarrassment of their weight, and perhaps even the feeling of being criticized by physicians (Fontaine, Faith, Allison, & Cheskin cited in Puhl, Shwartz, Brownell, 2005). This clearly shows that obese people themselves are not content within their condition and recognize their deviant label within society. Although they inevitably feel the pressure to lose weight, the embarrassment of yet again being Judged and criticized by healthcare professionals prevents them from doing so. The Functionalist approach to deviance can be applied to obesity in many ways. Functionalism was developed by Emile Durkheim and illustrates how the institutes within society function and maintain social equilibrium. A functionalist analysis of eviance begins with looking at society as a whole rather than focusing on the individual. â€Å"It looks for the source of deviance in the nature of society rather than the biological explanations or psychological nature of the individual† (Covington, 1999). In this regard, applying functionalism to obesity becomes difficult as obesity is initially a personal health concern. Both biological and psychological aspects contribute towards obesity which then labels the individual as deviant, proving that rather than focusing on the nature of society at large for explanations on deviancy, it is equally ital to focus on the obese individual to understand their deviant label. Inevitably, this can be recognized as a weakness within the functionalist argument. In contrast, applying functionalism to obesity presents much strength in understanding why education have had to shift and develop in order to combat the obesity epidemic and create greater equilibrium within Western society. Australian schools have recognized the deviant nature of obesity, mainly due to its associated health risks, and have recently began enforcing healthy eating and exercise habits (Hareyan, 006). School systems have recognized that many families are unable to teach their children healthy habits, so have taken upon this role to maintain the social order within society. Alongside this, there has been a vast increase in weight-loss alternatives (rather than simply the gym, or perhaps surgery) to suit the modern, working individual. ‘Quick weight loss pills and detox diets are now more on the market than ever before and are available to anyone willing to pay. Functionalism revolves around creating solutions to maintain social order, and in regards to obesity, any actions have been taken as obesity is seen as a deviant act which disrupts the balanced functioning of society. In conclusion, obesity has been labeled as a deviant act within modern Western society as it violates what the consensus recognizes as ‘normal’ behaviour. It is increasingly less acceptable with those carrying the status left facing the consequences of social Judgment and exclusion. In applying the functionalist theory, the deviant nature of obesity can be further outlined and understood as a problematic issue within contemporary society.